Metternich, The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes

Thesis: Metternich said believes that revolutionary action is detrimental to society and that the only reason it occurred was that the growth of wisdom did not keep up with the growth of the mind and passions.

I. French revolution

a. Men with great talents controlled the thoughts of people to pursue their “detestable enterprise” (revolution)

b. “France had the great misfortune to produce the most of theses men”

II. Revolution is an attack against God and religion

a. Revolutionists lose all reverence – “drag the name of God through the mud”

III. The French Revolution planted revolutionary seeds in all other countries

The Call for German Unity

Thesis: In Heinrich von Gagern’s Call for German Unity, Gagern emphasized the key points of the student movement which were a love for Germany, greater sense of community and a more powerful and just constitution for all Germany.

I. Characteristics of the student movement

a. Love of the fatherland – guiding principle

i. Make a better future for the fatherland

ii. Spread national consciousness

iii. Work for better constitutions

b. Desire more sense of community among states of germany

i. Unity in policies and principles of government

ii. Want Germany to be considered one land and one people

c. Constitution fo rhte people that fits in with the spirit of the times and with people’s own enlightenment

d. Want princes to serve the country and not vice versa

e. Constitution should deal with both necessity and extend its efforts to education

Karlsbad Decrees

The Karlsbad Decrees were a reactionary policy proposed by leaders of the German States to stifle liberalism and nationalism.

• Each university shall have a commissioner who will monitor the teaching of professors and the activity of the students for any liberalism
• The government must remove all professors who teach or support liberal or nationalist doctrines
• Secret or unauthorized associations at universities are made illegal
• All publications must first be approved by the government, and limitations are placed on journalism
• A commission of inquiry is established to hunt down all liberal and nationalist activity

Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions

De Maistre critiques the philosophes, the French Revolution, and manufactured constitutions in his Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions.

The greatest error of the century is to believe that a theoretical political constitution could be written and prove effective.

De Maistre believed that a political constitution written a priori would never last. He believed that the fundemental principles of political constitutions exist prior to all written law. He thought that the man who believed himself to be able to write a clear and lasting doctrine alone was a GREAT FOOL even if that doctrine was approved by the whole body of common people. He thought this because imperceptible growth is the true promise of durability of all things.

Note: de Maistre believed man cannot write a constitution and no legitimate constitution can be written.

De Maistre assailes the philosophes for attacking religion.

Religion alone civilizes nations. If religion was removed from education, education would poison the country rather than advance it. De Maistre believed that science should be relegated to a position of importance below religion.

This is Noah's

Thesis: During the Irish Potato Famine, British ignorance of the treatment of tenants by landlords led to unfair treatment in the form of eviction for many Irish civilians. Scropes poses the question, what is to be done with those who are almost guaranteed death? Through this question Scropes poses the argument that better care should be taken of the Irish civilians in general.

I. Scropes

A. Member of Parliament

B. Advocated recognition of tenant rights in Ireland.

i. Eviction often meant death sentence during Potato Famine

II. Eviction

A. Lives of the peasantry are unprotected by law.
i. Peasants must protect themselves through criminal outrage

B. Mr. Gerrard
i. Evicted 400 people

ii. Marquis of Waterford, Mr. Clark and Mr. Pierce Carrick did the same.

C. Scropes’ question: “What becomes of them?” – those who must survive after eviction, which often guaranteed death.

Malthus: On the Population

Adam Hawiger

Thesis: Thomas Malthus held a belief that the growing English population would not be able to sustain its resources, claiming that these poor conditions were the result of the economic system.
1. Malthus claimed that the population posed great difficulties on the English population
a. Among these claims was the claim that the population needed food and sexual satisfaction.
b. He claimed that according to natural law set forth by God, population increases geometrically, and subsistence with it. Malthus claimed that a large portion of society suffered as a result of this growth.
2. Malthus claimed that population checks would be helpful in two ways, preventively and positively.
a. He believes that once man sees the plight of others he will try to have a sustainable amount of children.
b. As positive checks, Malthus labels poverty, child labor, all excesses, and other ill effects of a poor society.
3. Malthus attributes this poverty to blaming the employers.
a. Malthus claims that the working man will not judge himself.
b. Malthus also claims that government aid will do little to alleviate the plight of the poor.

Napoleon: Leader, General, Tyrant, Reformer

Adam Hawiger

Thesis: Napoleon I, possessed many characteristics, which when put to use combined to create an almost unstoppable army and nation, utilizing three characteristics of leadership, force of tyranny, and stabilizing reform.
Leader and General
1. As a leader Napoleon sought to win the hearts of those who could aid him, and stirring their sentiment of adoration.
a. During the Italian Campaign, he beckons to his men by praising their courage in battle, in order to stir them into battle and ultimately victory.
b. In a second account of the same campaign he similarly stirs his men, but at the same time, tells the Italians of the breaking of their chains, by his army, thus appealing to them in a promising manner.
c. In other treatises from 1800, Napoleon describes the army as a momentous object. In another account he recalls that men who do not even know him would die in his name. Most notably, he reveals that he adapts to those of differing “sects”
d. In his later accounts between 1804-1809, he attributes success to his reputation, basking in his own glory, and finally that the moral of his men is the most important aspect of the army.
Tyrant
2. Napoleon controlled not only the hearts of his men, with stirring words, but also their opinion securing a position in their religious sentiments, and censuring dissent.
a. In one account the Emperor is owed sacred dues as a man anointed by God.
b. In his account to Joseph Fouché, his minister of police Napoleon clearly seeing the newspapers as contrary to his interest and suppression as a remedy.
Reformer
3. Napoleon desired reform of previously feudal societies in order to garner their support and to extend his influence.
a. In a correspondence to his brother Jerome, Napoleon desired to see men of talent rise, as he believed would satisfy the German residents of the Kingdom of Westphalia
b. Finally Napoleon desired to see his various reforms implemented in the Kingdom such as liberty, equality, and other “novelties”
c. In the beginning of his correspondence he claims that these reforms will better the attitude of the Westphalia’s attitude toward the emperor and enable him to extend his influence there.

arl Marx and Friedrich Engels Communist Manifesto

MEHAP-Andrew Fortugno

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Communist Manifesto

The social order is divided into the oppressive Bourgeoisie and the oppressed Proletariat, and the ultimate goal of the Proletariat is to abolish private property, which will create a classless society

1. Karl Marx

a. Doctorate at the University of Jena 1841

b. Edited a newspaper that was surprised by Prussian authorities

c. Met Friedrich Engels in his native Rhineland in Paris

d. Went to Brussels after being expelled from France at the request of Prussia

e. 1848 he wrote the Communist Manifesto

f. Returned to Prussia to participate Revolutions of 1848

g. Expelled from Prussia again in 1849

2. Communist Manifesto, a philosophy of history and theory of society

a. Lays out the building up throughout history of conflict between oppressor and oppressed which ends with Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

b. Bourgeoisie has a distinctive feature, it simplified class antagonisms into two distinct factions

c. The discover of America paved the way for Modern Industry

d. The modern representative state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie

e. Due to the extensive use of machinery and to the division of labor the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character

f. The Proletariat begins to organize in trade unions against the Bourgeoisie

g. As the Proletariat is further alienated from the old society he seeks to destroy it.

h. Once the Proletariat conquers society becomes classes and individual property is destroyed.

Communist Manifesto

Thesis: The basis of Karl Marx's and Mark Engel's philosophy was that conflict in modern society was, at heart, a conflict between the different classes who were competing with one another over economic interests.

x- There's always been a system of the oppressor and the oppressed- modern bourgeois is no different from the conflicts of the feudal age

x- However, bourgeois has simplified the class antagonisms- divided between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

x- Bourgeois has gained special, exclusive political sway in the current state due to developments such as American colonization and manufacturing changes

x- The individual has lost all reason to live other than the pursuit of capital. Man is only useful insofar as he is valuable in the marketplace, like a piece of machinery.

x- The prolitariat becomes more united into labor unions as they are forced to become the same low wage workers. The lower classes all lose the values of family, enjoyment, etc that the bourgeois now enjoys and attempts to cement for themselves.

x-The bourgeois will inevitably fall as the prolitariat, which is the first movement to represent the interests of the majority, seeks to topple them in each nation

x- The Communists represent the most advanced form of this resistance and aim for conquest of political power.

x-Private property is the most recent, important development of the bourgeois- the Communists aim to abolish private property for that reason

x-Must abolish all forms of oppression- political power, religion, etc is all used to oppress another group for ones benefit- the communists openly celebrate their aims and work openly to overthrow this system.

From Myles (not Zach): Britain's Industrial Advantages and The Factory System

Bains: Britain's Industrial Advantages and the Factory System

3 important resources for industry:
1. Water power: mills, cleaning, transportation, and chemical processes
2. Fuel (coal): steam engines and heat
3. Iron: for cheaper machinery
Lancashire is a successful town which has all of these
-transportation to the ocean, cannals to connect to inland resources, new railways

Enland's Advantages
1. Commercial position
2. Command of the seas
3. Temperate climate and hardy people
4. Political and economic freedom
5. Accumulation of Capital
6. Acceptance of experts of different religion from other countries
7. Wars in other countries gave England a head start

Cotton manufacturing
1. used to be in homes
2. New Machines required more room, powere and maintanance
3. Multiple steps in one place gave greater efficiency and control

Justification for State Intervention

Thesis: Hobhouse asserts that state intervention in the economy by implementing legislation for better conditions of labor,education, and health to give the poor opportunity for self-advancement.
A. Flaws in Laissez-faire economics
1. Teaching the working classes to stand alone in their misery was not helpful
2. Enabled the powerful to exploit the weak.
3. Poor education, housing, and unhealthy work environments deprive them of
any advancement.
B. New Policies of State Intervention
1. Educating the children, providing medical inspection, feeding the needy at
the expense of taxpayers
2. Providing old age pensions for all whose incomes fall below thirteen
shillings a week
3. Goal is to secure conditions upon which its citizens are able to win by
their own effortsall that is necessary to a full civic efficiency.
C. Powerlessness of Worker in Controlling changes in industry
1. It is not his fault if there is an over-production in the industry
2. He is not responsible for its ups and downs
3. Therefore state intervention is not charity, it is justice

LT Hobhouse- Justification for State Intervention

Green says "laissez faire enabled the powerful to exploit the weak"

-this view is no longer valid

-the state is now doing alot to help the poor

-(no longer laissez faire)

-function of the state is to secure the conditions upon which mind and character may develop themselves

-to secure conditions upon which its citizens are able to win by their own efforts all that is necessary to a full civic efficiency

-healthy man should be able to support his family by himself

-the "right to work"

-if not, there is a defect in the "economic machine"

-the common has no say in changes in his industry, so the gov't should stick up for him

-common responsibility

Samuel Smiles: Self Help and Thrift

Thesis: Motivation stemming from an internal rather than external source leads to economic and cultural growth.

I. Self-Help

A. "The spirit of self-help is the root of all genuine growth in the individual"

B. Help coming from an outside source is often counterproductive

c. The best thing institutions can do is leave men alone to improve their own condition

d. No law can change people's opinions, make them work harder or get better

e. The best charity one can give is an impetus to improve oneself

II. Thrift

A. A man "must spare from his means in order to be independent in his condition"

B. Industry allows men to earn a living

C. Men must deny themselves

D. Enemies to be countered- idleness, thoughtlessness, vanity, vice, and intemperance

E. The wealth of a nation is composed of the savings of individuals

F. A working man works both with his brain and his body

G. A true rich man looks both to the past and future as well as the present; those who do not are poor

Nicholas Cummins - The Famine in Skibbereen

Rob Edwards

Nicholas Cummins - “The Famine In Skibbereen”

• By the fall of 1846, the south and west of Ireland was in a horrible famine

• Skibbereen, a town the remote southwest, didn't have enough suitable people to form a relief committee, and without this committee it was ineligible for government support

• Public Works was the only employment, and it didn't pay enough to support one person, let alone a family

• Nicholas Cummins, a magistrate from Cork, visited this area and was horrified. He wrote to the Duke of Wellington and to The Times, and influential London newspaper.

• He describes one moment of his visit, when he went into an apparently deserted house to find 6 decrepit family members huddling in a corner, as pale and skinny as skeletons and barely hanging onto the last bit of life

• After running into this one family, in only a few minutes he was surrounded by at least 200 other people like these who looked like “phantoms” who were screaming with “demonaic yells”

• He also describes an instance where he was mobbed like this, and the clothes were nearly torn off of his body as he tried to escape the people clawing at him

• Walks into another house and finds a mother who had literally just given birth, but her only possession was a sack across her loins

• There are other horrible scenes like this that he describes, but the gist is that he is writing these letters with vivid descriptions of the horrors he saw in hopes of getting relief brought to these horribly unfortunate people

Malthus: On the Principle of Population

Population's Effect on Society

Malthus argues that because

1. food is necessary to the existence of man
2. passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state

the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. He notes that

1. population, unchecked, grows at an exponential rate
2. subsistance increases at a linear rate

Since these two powers must be kept equal, a consistent check on population is implied.

Therefore, he concludes that the perfectibility of the mass of mankind is impossible.

Population's Effect on Human Happiness

Malthus states that the ultimate check to population appears to be a want of food, but the immediate checks check the population growth from day to day:

1. The preventive check covers the idea that a poor man who has a small amount of excess income does not have the reasoning ability to see that he may not be able to feed many more mouths with that small surplus, so the conditions are calculated to eliminate the surpluses among young families.
2. The positive check covers common diseases, epidemics, wars, plagues, famines, extreme poverty and severe labor that reduce the excess population from time to time.

Population and Poverty

Malthus argues that the poor are the cause of their own poverty and misery because they have five or six children when their wages of labor are hardly able to support two children.

Vissarion Belinsky - The Poetry of Reality

Belinsky comments on realistic poetry as the "true and genuine poetry of our time" emphasizing the importance of the connection between nature and art.

• Realistic poetry does not create life but instead, recreates it - "like a convex glass, mirrors in itself, from one point of view, life's diverse phenomena"
• The "eternal hero" of realistic poetry is a human being - the source of its inspiration
• The final product is an attempt by the human being to understand "the curious riddle of himself, the final question of his own mind, the ultimate enigma of his own curious aspirations"
• "We demand not the ideal of life, but life as it is. Be it good or bad, we do not wish to adorn it, for we think that in poetic presentation it is equally beautiful in both cases precisely because it is true, and that where there is truth, there is poetry.
• Belinsky believed that realistic poetry is "more understandable and accessible to all, more in agreement with the spirit and needs of our time"

Belinsky - The Poetry of Reality

Belinsky outlines the precepts of Realistic Poetry, asserting that art must have a close connection to life and nature.

• Poetry should reflect reality, providing a realistic view of life without idealism or romanticism
• The subject of poetry should always be the human being, and the deepest reflection on humanity is deciphering his intellect
• Reality must be presented in stark truth, without adornment with emotion or reflection, because unaltered truth is beauty

"We demand not the ideal of life, but life as it is...it is equally beautiful, good or bad, precisely because it is true"

Self-Help and Thrift

Thesis: Lack of government regulation and personal discipline is the best means to ensure societal growth and cure the social ills of society.

A. Self help is the best way to cure social ills

1. Self help is the root of all individual growth

2. When something is done for men, they have no stimulant to do it themselves- over government makes men helpless

3. Value in legislation causing advancement is overestimated

4. Evils of life only cease if the conditions are fixed

5. Greatest slave is the person who is the thrall of his own moral ignorance

B. Thrift destroys a man's productivity and therefore his grpwth

1. Men are free to find own position and be independent in their condition

2. many features such as idleness, thoughtlessness, vanity, etc must be overcome to employ means for worthy purposes

3. Savings of individuals composes the wealth of nations

4. Those who live only to self satisfy are the most unhappy of all

5. Man must work with his brain to be laboring- work with the arts

6. Large majority of men don't think of anything but the present

"On the Principle of Population" by Thomas R. Malthus

Population's Effects on Society:

• Two difficulties facing the perfectibility of man are that food is necessary to the existence of man and the passion between the sexes is and will remain necessary.
• These two natural laws will never cease
• Since these two laws exist, the population will be greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man
• Population will always grow in a geometrical ratio while subsistence only increase in an arithmetical ratio
• The world must try to keep these two unequal powers equal

Population's Effects on Human Happiness:

• The different ratios of population and subsistence keep the population in check
• The scarcity of subsistence prematurely tend to weaken and destroy the human frame
• People should prevent having too many kids whom they cannot provide for
• Positive checks to population are diseases, wars, famine, extreme labor, extreme poverty, and bad nursing of children

Population and Poverty:

• When a man can barely afford to provide for two children and he has five children, he blames everybody else except himself for being in poverty
• People must take responsibility for the amount of children that they have

Factory Rules

[Perry pp. 136-138]

In order to achieve the rigorous discipline necessary for efficiency, factories imposed harsh rules on their workers. Some examples from a factory in Berlin:

Workers more than 2 minutes late will not work until the next break, and will lose the corresponding wages

Entry by any pathway except the main gate will result in a fine or dismissal

No worker may leave his station of work

Fines will be given to those caught smoking

Disobedience will be punished with dismissal

Every workman is obliged to report to his superiors any acts of dishonesty or embezzlement

Fines for not having a copy of the rules

Sadler Commission Report on Child Labor

I. testimony of Mr. Matthew Crabtree

a. Blanket manufacturer

b. Working since age 8

c. 14-16 hours a day

d. often beaten

II. Conditions of labor

a. Always tired, often beaten for fatigue

b. Factory work often results in poor moral especially in children

c. Immorality rampant in factory system

d. Children out of wedlock very common

Factory Rules - Industrial Revolution

• Emphasis on "good order and harmony"
• every man employed receives a copy of the following rules:

1. normal working day begins at 6 am and ends 7 pm (allowing a half hour for breakfast, dinner, and tea). Also 5 minutes before work begins a bell will ring, indicating for everyone under employment to move to their station. If you're not on time, the doors will be locked. If you are even 2 minutes late there will be wage deductions.
2. you are not allowed to work overtime or there will be wage deductions.
3. you may not leave before the end of the working day.
4. if you have repeated irregular arrival, you will be dismissed.
5. only enter and exit through the proper gateways
6. you may not leave your station of work unless it is for a reason pertaining to your work
7. you may not talk to fellow workers
8. no smoking in the work yard
9. every worker is responsible for cleaning their space. All tools must be kept in good condition
10. you may only perform your "natural functions" (using the restroom) in the appropriate places
11. once you complete a task, you must ask the foreman for another one immediately. You can never take over for someone else.
12. you must obey your overseers.
13. immediate dismissal is penalty for being drunk during work hours
14. untrue allegations against superiors will result in dismissal. the same punishment goes to those who let an error someone has made go unrecognized.
15. every workman is obligated to report acts of dishonesty, embezzlement, etc.
16. advances are granted only to older workers in exceptional circumstances. otherwise a worker will always get his fixed wage. if you miss work due to illness you will be paid accordingly.
17. a free copy of the rules is handed to every workman and whoever loses their copy and requires a new one shall be fined 2 and 1/2 silver pennies.

Napoleon: Leader, General, Tyrant, Reformer

After taking control of Europe, Napoleon consolidated his power in an effort to spread French philosophy and Enlightenment thought throughout his territorial gains.

I. Leader and General

a. Gained control of French army in 1796

b. Uses strong, inspirational rhetoric, inspires soldiers

c. Knows the value of good morale in war

d. Understands that a general has to dictate a large part of the organization of his troops

II. Tyrant

a. Demands love, respect, obedience, fidelity, military service, and tributes for emperor

b. Emperor deserves this because he is ordained to rule by God, and because Jesus himself paid tribute to Augustus

c. Napoleon himself has preserved public order

d. Resistance will be met with eternal damnation

e. People must also treat the successors of the emperor in this manner

III. Reformer

a. Put in place constitution of rights

b. Napoleonic code accounts for natural rights of men

c. Establishes constitutions in conquered territories as well

d. Spreads values of equality and liberalism

Arndt, "The War on Liberation"

Before Napolean's conquest, there was no sense of national unity in Germany whatsoever
-Prussians have one voice, one feeling, one anger, and one love for their homeland
-All Prussians called for war against France
-All were willing to die for their country
-"holy zeal"
-Germans, feel God, and protect Germany!
-we too should have this "holy zeal" to protect the Fatherland
-Feel the beauty of the land
-set aside our differences and fight against the French invaders

Cummins- The Famine in Skibbereen

Irish Potato Famine
-hundreds died during the winter of 1846 in Skibbereen
-Government policy not to send food if town doesn't have a relief commitee
-strict gov't adherence, no food was sent
-magistrate Nicholas Cummin visted the town, and published a letter to the Duke of Wellington in "The Times", the most influential paper in London
-The letter became of symbol of the disaster
-the people had been reduced to "living skeletons"
-all 200 surviving people were like this
-all had heavy fevers
-a home was opened to find to frozen men, each half eaten by rats
-seven men were huddled under the same rag trying to stay warm
-one man died, but was frozen to the others who were still alive

Report on Child Labor

Due to concerns on child labor, parliament, headed by Michael Thomas Sadler, investigated the condition of child employment in British factories. By gathering different testimonies of information, Sadler was able to get a true grip on the hardships of child labor.

The following was information gathered from Matthew Crabtree:

· He is a twenty two year of blanket manufacturer, employed since the age of eight

· He worked fourteen hours a day since the age of eight, at different occupations in the factory

· He received an hour off for lunch

· If Crabtree happened to be late, with a two mile walk from his house, he was most commonly beaten

· Some of the consequences from this strenuous work included common sickness, that often led to loss of appetite and vomiting, and a general fatigue almost always

· Not only was he working fourteen hours a day, but he was also on his feet running to and fro the whole time

· When a child is unable to keep going towards the late hours of the day due to fatigue, he is most commonly beaten to spur on work.

· Some common instruments for beating are a strap, a stick, and a roller

· Children, due to all of these factors, often become demoralized and oftentimes indecent

· The female workers, due to stress of work, very often have illegitimate children around the ages of sixteen and seventeen

· Sometimes the fathers of these children were grown men taking advantage of the young women

S Smiles, Self Help and Thrift

Thesis: Samuel Smiles believed that government should remain out of the economy and that a man must learn to fend for himself if he ever wants to accomplish anything.

I. Self-Help

a. Belief reflects his childhood – father died when Samuel was young, leaving him to make his own way

i. Successfully became a physician

b. The best thing an institution can do is leave a man free to develop and improve himself

c. Laws will not fix the problems of society

II. Thrift

a. Every man must do anything and everything in his power to be successful

b. Independence should be established through frugality

c. Savings of men comprise the well-being of a nation

d. Remembering the past and planning for the future are of paramount importance

e. “All that is great in man comes of labor”

i. “Labor” includes art, literature, and science as well as physical labor

The Famine in Skibbereen

Nicholas Cummins
The Famine in Skibbereen

Nicholas Cummins writes a letter to the Duke of Wellington to express the horrific situation of famine in Ireland and the lack of relief they were receiving.

• South and West of Ireland was the suffering the worst from Famine.
o Poor soil barely fir for even potatoes and in desperate situation in fall of 1846
• Skibbereen, in remote southwest of Ireland even lacked suitable people to form the relief committee required to receive government support
o Public works were the only employment and did not pay enough to feed a family
o Two Protestant Clergymen confront Trevelyan in London and pleaded for food, but he was determined to adhere to government policy and no food was sent.
• Two weeks later Nicholas Cummins, a magistrate from Cork visits the area and reports his horrific findings
o He reported to authorities without success and writes letter to Duke of Wellington with a copy to The Times (the most influential newspaper in London)
o The letter was published on 24th of Dec. 1846 and Skibbebereen became a symbol of the famine disaster
o His letter received wide circulation in the U.S. in 1847 to raise money for Irish relief
• Descriptions of Skibbereen
o The people appeared as skeletons and ghastly figures
o People were found too weak to move those who had died next to them
o Their cloths were reduced to nothing but mere rags
o Families were found dead lying together
o The whole population was suffering from fever and starvation

Perry "Evictions" by Poulett Scrope

Thesis:
As a member of Parliament, Scrope recognized that the British government was harshly treating tenants in Ireland by evicting them from their lands

• Potato famine, ruined crops and inability of tenants to pay rent led to further evictions
• Life is essentially taken in Ireland by want and disease is engendered by want to where humans are deprived from a means of living
• What do the tenants do when a landlord releases all his tenants from his estate  they have no other refuge, so this action destroys their lives
o Mr. Gerrard razed an entire village in middle of fever and famine – 400 tenants now homeless and poor
o Marquis of Waterford did the same
o Mr. Clark and Mr. Carrick razed villages and were murdered as a result
• “Landlords consider themselves justified in consolidating their estates, and ejecting the numerous families of tenantry who have occupied under the old leases”
• These tenants are driven from land, on which they were “born and bred” and where they “take shelter”
• As a result, these tenants wander to towns and begin to beg to make a living
• Therefore, the ejectment of tenants essentially is a sentence of death because they had only learned how to maintain their families of that bit of land

"Britain's Industrial Advantages and The Factory System" by Edward Baines

Reasons for the success of Industrialism in Great Britain:

• Cheap and abundant supply of iron, water-power, and coal
• Great number of streams used for water-power andcanals which were used for inland navigation
• Abundance of well-situated ports such as Liverpool which were able to export and import goods easily
• Plentiful supply of timber which was used for building purposes
• Introduction of the railway added to the transportation of goods and raw materials
• Excellent commercial position- situated between north and south Europe and was enhanced by its command of the seas and security from invasion
• Ports had access to every quarter of the world
• A temperate climate and a hardy race of men contributed to promote industry
• Secure personal liberty and property promoted free enterprise and capitalism
• Surplus of capital promoted entreprenuerial spirit
• Tolerance of all people adds to work force
• The recent Napoleonic wars did not hinder manufacturing improvement and therefore England was left without a competitor

Adam Smith - The Division of Labor and The Wealth of Nations

Thesis: The division of labor was one of the most time-saving innovations of the Industrial Revolution.

I. Greatest Improvement in the Productivity of Labor: Division of Labor

a. Same number of people are capable of performing

b. Owing to three different circumstances

i. Increase of dexterity in every particular workman

ii. Saving of time commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another

iii. The invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour

c. Example of Pin Making

Thesis: In Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, Smith argued that the key to economic prosperity was laissez faire economics, the theory that the government should intervene as little as possible in economic affairs.

I. Laissez faire – government should intervene as little as possible in economic affairs

a. Advocates liberation of economic production

II. Spot for national interest as well in his economic theories

a. Defense of Navigation Acts

III. In short, Smith believed that economic cooperation among nations could be a source of peace

FRQ: Industrial Revolution

FRQ: Identify the social and economic factors in the pre-inustrial England that explain why England was the first country to industrialize.

Thesis: Because of its already prosperous economy consisting of a network of colonies and control of trade overseas and social conditions including the agricultural revolution and general enthusiasm for progress, England became the first country to industrialize.

Economic

• England was already very rich -> had enough capital to subsidize advancements in technology, i.e. agricultural technology
• Wealth and parliament was concentrated in the landowners which, after the agricultural revolution, provided favorable conditions for industrialization
• England controlled trade with their powerful navy and trade regulations
• Colonies provided both a market and a resource for raw materials
• Mobile Labor - agricultural revolution created more jobless people who sought jobs elsewhere

Social

• Landowners had a large influence in Parliament
• Agricultural Revolution brought many favorable conditions for industrialization
• Food production rose -> larger population
• Ag. Rev. provided for more capital
• general lack of war
• England moved towards encouragement of secure private property
• enthusiastic attitude overall towards advancement and industrialization

^_^

Adam Smith: "The Division of Labor" and "The Wealth of Nations"

The Division of Labor:

• The division of labor is the greatest improvement to production.
• Three things contribute to increased work, a consequence of the division of labor: first, each workman has improved dexterity because he only has to perform a single task, second, the saving a time, and finally, the invention of machines that hasten the labor.
• Thanks to the division of labor, smaller numbers of workers can work faster and produce much more than before.

The Wealth of Nations:

• An individual seeking his own benefit will invest his capital in domestic industry instead of foreign industry. By doing this he not only helps himself, but also his homeland.
• No person can assume the responsibility of directing private people in their own capital, he could not be trusted.
• A system can neither promote itself and gain excess funds, or restrict itself and lose essential funds. If it were to do so, it would not grow, only slow down and not benefit anyone.
• The role of the sovereign is not to interfere with investments, but only to carry out three duties: first, to protect society from violence and invading countries, second, to protect individual members of the society from injustice caused by other members, and thirdly, to erect and maintain certain public works.

Napoleon: Leader, General, Tyrant, Reformer

[Perry pp. 122-126]

Drawing upon his military experience, Napoleon (upon gaining control of France) concentrated power in his own hands in an effort to consolidate the gains of the Revolution and spread liberal, Enlightenment philosophy across Europe.

Phase 1: Napoleon the General
1796- given control of French army in Italy
Full of inspirational rhetoric about "crushing tyrants" and being "liberators of the people"
Displayed concern for his "naked, ill fed" men
Understood the value of endearing himself to his followers (in this instance, soldiers)
Already interested in micromanagement: "There is nothing in the military profession I cannot do myself...The presence of a general is necessary"
A politique understanding of religion: "If I ruled a people of Jews, I would rebuild the temple of Solomon!"

Phase 2: Napoleon the Despot

Emperor takes on almost Divine qualities to reinforce his authority

Monitoring the press necessary for stability

All channels of power must run through Napoleon: it is the only way to achieve the desired result, on the battlefield or on the throne

Phase 3: Napoleon the Visionary

Believed in a united, Enlightened Europe

Liberating the people with new reforms

Napoleonic intervention key to ensuring that the reforms actually take place (for instance, he mails a Constitution to his brother Jerome to enact in Westphalia)

Always the practical one, he emphasizes that it would be "good policy for one in your position [i.e., King of Westphalia]....the backing of public opinion gives you a natural advantage over....your neighbors

The War of Liberation, Arndt

Thesis: Napoleon’s occupation of Germany caused the feeling of German national pride that drove resistance to his occupation and unified the German provinces.

- General feeling to save the Fatherland unified the citizens

-All facets of society unified in their call to war against Napoleon

-Weak men and young women were drawn into the uprising feeling of anger; class and age were forgotten

-Realizing their suffering, the German people were reborn with a feeling of reproach against the occupation which they blamed as the source of their misery

-Argued unity would prevent Napoleon or any other force from defeating the Germans

FRQ- Napoleon's Enlightened Despotism

Enlightened Despot – A single, benevolent ruler who promotes progressive changes namely for the rights of man, freedom of speech, overall toleration and other inspiring ideas from the Enlightenment.

Napoleon promoted many lasting policies that often depict him as the greatest of all enlightened despots. He is able to securely hold this title because unlike the Enlightened Despots before and after him, he was able to not only instill progressive policies for the people, but his changes lasted and were not removed as soon as he no longer held power.

I. Enlightened Policies of Napoleon similar to others

a. Embodies the French Nationalism that helped propel them to such a powerful position in Europe

b. Codified the Laws under Civil Code in order to create a society of legally equal individuals.

c. Put family members into positions of power around his own French buffer zone

d. Reduced authority of Catholic Church –limiting its courts, ending tithes confiscating property and religious toleration

e. Abolished manorial system

f. Considered himself “enlightened” and “liberal”

II. How he differed

a. A more in-depth politician than other ED’s because he was able to create reforms while keeping good relations with all the classes of France

b. Because he had such widespread and popular movements, they were able to last long beyond his own personal reign

c. He was steadfast in his lack of compromise for both his own internal reforms and negotiations with other countries to achieve greatest success.

Napoleon as Enlightened Despot FRQ

Napoleon was the greatest enlightened despot, a leader who promoted Enlightenment ideals such as of the rights of man, because of the lasting reforms he was able to enact. Though other enlightened despots, such as Joseph II, enacted reforms similar to Napoleon, these reforms were not as widespread throughout Europe and none lasted as long.

1. Napoleon’s enlightened reforms

a. Napoleonic Code codified law and gave all citizens equal treatment under the law

b. Secularization, such as freedom of religion and rejection of historical Catholic influence from the Gallican church

c. Abolishment of legal classes and privilege in taxes and state and military offices

d. Reformulation of government with regards to Enlightenment ideals and not history

e. Joseph II made similar reforms (abolishing serfdom and classes, secularization, etc.)

2. Napoleon’s enduring power

a. Had a powerful backing from French people (unlike Joseph II) and so was able to carry out more reforms more easily

b. Managed to spread reform all across Europe – Italy, Poland, Spain and Confederation of Rhine (both with some difficulty)

c. Because of his power and support, Napoleon was able to ensure that his reforms were widespread and lasting, thus making him the only enlightened despot with such an impact in Europe

Perry, Arndt, The War of Liberation

Thesis: Arndt calls for German unity and the people support his idea so strongly they are calling for war.

1. Prussians want war to save the fatherland and free Germany
1. Felt that they could get no honorable peace from Napoleon so they wanted war and death
2. People of all classes called for war
1. Noblemen and landed proprietors, citizens, peasants, widows, and young girls
3. People of all classes took up arms
1. Youths, honorably discharged officers, officials and rich landed proprietors, fathers, and managers
2. Arndt calls for unity of Germany in the spirit of the Volksgeist or national character

He appeals to the Germans to sense the dignity of their fathers and reclaim their national pride. He calls for one German emperor and denounces the many princes who have kept Germany divided for so long. He has the people forget their individual lineage and become once-and-for-all German.