Colonization Among Modern People, Paul Leroy-Bealieu

• Leroy-beaulieu deeply involved in French Political Life
• After French defeat in war against Prussia, and rise of Bismark's united Germany
• Advances his famous message:
• Colonial expansion was a question of life and death for France
• Initially he had little success
• 1885, he publishes "Colinization Among Modern People"
• A potent and learned plea for colonial expansion
• Accepting England's lead, France claims Algiers and Tunis
• Argue in favor of France's mission in central Africa
• He also applauds French expansion in Indo-China
• Leroy-Beaulieu's arguments in favor of colonization cover wide range of factors:
• Emigrations, finance, international relations
• Main appeal was international ego
• Colonization is the civilizing worldwide mission for France, its highest destiny

Cecil Rhodes - Confession of Faith

Cecil Rhodes, an ardent supporter of British expansion, comments on the necessity and reasons why Britain should expand and addresses the moral factors in this.

Asserts that Englishmen are the "finest race in the world"

• "the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race"
• Anglo-Saxon influence would be extremely beneficial to people of different race
• "under our rule simply means the end of all wars..."

Advocates the furtherance fo the British Empire - bringing of the uncivilized world under the influence of British

• "what a dream, but yet it is probable, it is possible"
• Says that American's have lost a lot by breaking off from England
• "Would they have occured ahd they remained under English rule great as they have become how infinitely greater they would have been with the softning and elevating influences of English rule"

"Africa is still lying ready for us it is our duty to take it"

• Rhodes describes the Duty or burden for them to expand
• "secret society"

Comments on the success of the Romish Church

• "every enthusiast, call it if you like every madman finds employment in it"
• wants to form the same kind of society around the British Empire

"for fear that eath might cut me off before the time for attempting its development I leave all my worldy goods in trust to S.G. Shippard and the Secretary for the Colonies at the time of my death to try to form such a Society with such a object"

Karl Pearson: Social Darwinism

Thesis: Pearson's writings exemplify the justification of imperialism with harsh Social Darwinism.

Context: Darwin's theories

Social darwinism applied in the domestic sphere

Application: Pearson discusses several tribes in Africa as examples

He also talks about the historical context: how empires have arisen and fallen, and how several races that are "inferior" have been weeded out.

America and Australia are examples of the necessary process of getting rid of weaker peoples

Frightening!

“Perry: Schweitzer: A Concerned Doctor in Tropical Africa”

Thesis: Schweitzer, a mission doctor in Africa believes that white Europeans should aid the Africans in adjusting to the now global market while giving them more credit for their thoughts and personalities.

How should the relationship between whites and blacks be characterized?

• White man must show respect for the human personality in all
• A sort of elder brother relationship to the black man

European Authority

• Only way to maintain respect from blacks is to have them respect the white man
• Imposition of arbitrary authority will not engender respect

Negro Character

• Gives them credit for their being more good natured than the white men

Feels that Europeans owe the Africans

• In debt because of slave trade
• What is given to them is not benevolence but atonement

Do Europeans have a right to impose their authority over Africans?

• Not if europeans are merely taking advantage of their resources
• Yes, if europeans seriously desire to educat them and immprove their well-being
• Responsibility help them keep pace with the world trad that has already reached them

Imperialism has ethical value

• Put an end to slave trade
• Stopped the perpetual wars of the primitive peoples
• Brought them lasting peace

Perry: Chamberlain: “The White Man’s Burden”

Thesis: Joseph Chamberlain argued that the welfare of Britain depended upon the preservation and extension of the empire, for colonies fostered trade and served as a source of raw materials while benefitting from the civilizing effect that the British had on their “backwards” societies.

English Economy

• The Empire is commerce
• Believes that the half the population of the British Isles would not last for a single day if Britain was to but away from its empire
• While the land area of the British Isles is 120,000 square miles, the area of the entire British Empire is around 9,000,000 square miles
• Believes that overseas markets are necessary in order to increase demand in the domestic economy
• Believed that the Navy should be strengthened in order to retain these overseas colonies, because if some rebelled, the first to feel its effects would be the London working class

Mutual Peace and Prosperity

• Believed that these overseas domains were only justified if the relationship was mutually beneficial, but qualifies this by acknowledging the fact that initial peace cannot be instated without a little bit of bloodshed
• Believed in an English “Manifest Destiny”

Karl Pearson "Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature"

Thesis: In his work, “Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature,” Karl Pearson uses the scientific theory of social Darwinism to justify the subjugation of certain nations in the name of evolutionary development.

I. History proves that certain races better than others

II. While immediate destruction of one race is seen as bad, it eventually leads to a better humanity (ex: Native Americans in America)

III. Without struggle, man will stagnate in his evolutionary progress

IV. Nations must now put forth their sharpest minds to protect their future

V. While this struggle seems cruel, it is necessary for any development